docs: add basic security section

closes #209

Signed-off-by: Gabriele Bartolini <gabriele.bartolini@enterprisedb.com>

.github/actions/copy-images/README.md

@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-# Copy Images Action
-
-This composite GitHub Action copies a set of container images from a
-`testing registry` to a `production registry`, and signs them using `Cosign`.
-It requires as input Bake's build result metadata, which is the output provided
-by the [bake-action](https://github.com/docker/bake-action?tab=readme-ov-file#outputs).
-
----
-
-## How it works
-
-The action assumes a consistent naming convention between your testing and production registries.
-
-* A production image is named like `ghcr.io/org/image`
-* The corresponding testing image must include a suffix, e.g. `ghcr.io/org/image-testing`
-
-You can customize this suffix with the `inputs.test_registry_suffix` input.
-
-The action proceeds as follows:
-
-1. It retrieves all image references from `inputs.bake_build_metadata`
-2. It generates a list of destination images by stripping out the `test_registry_suffix` from each image
-3. Each image is copied to the destination registry using `Skopeo copy`. The digest of the image is preserved.
-4. Each production image is signed using `Cosign`
-
----
-
-## Requirements
-
-This composite action requires the calling workflow’s `GITHUB_TOKEN`
-to have the following permissions:
-
-```
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-  packages: write
-  id-token: write # needed by Cosign for signing the images with GitHub OIDC Token
-```
-
----
-
-## Inputs
-
-| Name                   | Description                                        | Required  | Default        |
-| ---------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | --------- | -------------- |
-| `bake_build_metadata`  | The JSON build result metadata generated by Bake   | ✅ Yes    | —              |
-| `registry_user`        | The user used to authenticate to the registry      | ✅ Yes    | —              |
-| `registry_token`       | The token used to authenticate to the registry     | ✅ Yes    | —              |
-| `test_registry_suffix` | The suffix of the testing images                   | ❌ No     | `-testing`     |
-
-Note:
-  The JSON build result metadata is provided by [bake-action](https://github.com/docker/bake-action) as an output, see
-  [bake-action outputs](https://github.com/docker/bake-action?tab=readme-ov-file#outputs).
-  Alternatively, if you are using `docker buildx bake` via commandline, you can write your build metadata to a file
-  by using `--metadata-file`, and then provide the content of that file as `input.bake_build_metadata`.
-
----
-
-## Usage
-
-Example usage:
-
-```
-jobs:
-  copytoproduction:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs:
-      - testbuild
-    permissions:
-      contents: read
-      packages: write
-      id-token: write
-    steps:
-      - name: Copy to production
-        uses: cloudnative-pg/postgres-containers/.github/actions/copy-images@main
-        with:
-          bake_build_metadata: "${{ needs.testbuild.outputs.metadata }}"
-          registry_user: ${{ github.actor }}
-          registry_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-```
-
-Example workflow:
-
-```
-jobs:
-  # Building and pushing to a testing registry
-  testbuild:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    outputs:
-      metadata: ${{ steps.build.outputs.metadata }}
-    steps:
-      ...
-      - uses: docker/bake-action@v6
-        id: build
-        with:
-          push: true
-
-  # Here's when you'd want to have one or
-  # multiple jobs to scan and test your images
-  scan-images:
-    ...
-
-  # If the tests passed, we promote the images to the production repo
-  copytoproduction:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs:
-      - testbuild
-      - scan-images
-    permissions:
-      contents: read
-      packages: write
-      id-token: write
-    steps:
-      - name: Copy to production
-        uses: cloudnative-pg/postgres-containers/.github/actions/copy-images@main
-        with:
-          bake_build_metadata: "${{ needs.testbuild.outputs.metadata }}"
-          registry_user: ${{ github.actor }}
-          registry_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-```

.github/actions/copy-images/action.yml

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-name: Copy and sign images
-description: Copy and sign images to the production repository
-inputs:
-  bake_build_metadata:
-    description: "The JSON build metadata of Bake"
-    required: true
-  registry_user:
-    description: "The user used to authenticate to the registry"
-    required: true
-  registry_token:
-    description: "The token used to authenticate to the registry"
-    required: true
-  test_registry_suffix:
-    description: "The testing registry suffix"
-    required: false
-    default: '-testing'
-
-runs:
-  using: composite
-  steps:
-    - name: Log in to the GitHub Container registry
-      uses: docker/login-action@5e57cd118135c172c3672efd75eb46360885c0ef # v3
-      with:
-        registry: ghcr.io
-        username: ${{ inputs.registry_user }}
-        password: ${{ inputs.registry_token }}
-
-    - name: Copy images
-      shell: bash
-      env:
-        # renovate: datasource=docker depName=quay.io/skopeo/stable versioning=loose
-        SKOPEO_VERSION: "v1.20.0-immutable"
-        SUFFIX: ${{ inputs.test_registry_suffix }}
-      run: |
-        images=$(echo '${{ inputs.bake_build_metadata }}' |
-          jq -r '
-            .[] as $items |
-            (
-              $items."image.name" |
-              split(",")[] +
-                "@" +
-                $items."containerimage.digest"
-            )
-          '
-        )
-        for image in $images
-        do
-          testimageshaonly="${image%:*@*}@${image#*@}"
-          testimagenosha="${image%@*}"
-          prodimage="${testimagenosha/$SUFFIX/}"
-          echo "Copying ${testimageshaonly} to ${prodimage}"
-          docker run --quiet quay.io/skopeo/stable:$SKOPEO_VERSION copy -q -a \
-            --dest-creds ${{ inputs.registry_user }}:${{ inputs.registry_token }} \
-            docker://${testimageshaonly} docker://${prodimage}
-        done
-
-    - name: Install cosign
-      uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@398d4b0eeef1380460a10c8013a76f728fb906ac # v3
-
-    - name: Sign images
-      shell: bash
-      env:
-        SUFFIX: ${{ inputs.test_registry_suffix }}
-      run: |
-        images=$(echo '${{ inputs.bake_build_metadata }}' |
-          jq -r --arg suffix "$SUFFIX" '.[] |
-            (
-              ."image.name" |
-              sub(",.*";"") |
-              sub($suffix + ":[^@]+";"")
-            ) + "@" + ."containerimage.digest"
-          '
-        )
-        echo "Signing ${images}"
-        cosign sign -t 5m --yes ${images}

.github/actions/generate-catalogs/action.yml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ runs:
     - name: Set up Python
       uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6
       with:
-        python-version: 3.14
+        python-version: 3.13
 
     - name: Install Python dependencies
       shell: bash

.github/workflows/bake.yml

@@ -51,8 +51,6 @@ jobs:
     with:
       environment: ${{ github.event.inputs.environment }}
       postgresql_version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-    secrets:
-      SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}
 
   Catalogs:
     name: Update Catalogs
@@ -65,6 +63,6 @@ jobs:
       ( github.event.inputs.environment == 'production' || github.event_name == 'schedule' )
     steps:
        - name: Repository Dispatch
-         uses: peter-evans/repository-dispatch@5fc4efd1a4797ddb68ffd0714a238564e4cc0e6f # v4
+         uses: peter-evans/repository-dispatch@ff45666b9427631e3450c54a1bcbee4d9ff4d7c0 # v3
          with:
            event-type: update-catalogs

.github/workflows/bake_targets.yml

@@ -29,9 +29,6 @@ on:
           `source` directory.
         required: false
         type: string
-    secrets:
-      SNYK_TOKEN:
-        required: false
 
 permissions: {}
 
@@ -77,7 +74,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "filtered_targets=$target" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Log in to the GitHub Container registry
-        uses: docker/login-action@5e57cd118135c172c3672efd75eb46360885c0ef # v3
+        uses: docker/login-action@184bdaa0721073962dff0199f1fb9940f07167d1 # v3
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -144,7 +141,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5
 
       - name: Log in to the GitHub Container registry
-        uses: docker/login-action@5e57cd118135c172c3672efd75eb46360885c0ef # v3
+        uses: docker/login-action@184bdaa0721073962dff0199f1fb9940f07167d1 # v3
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -161,10 +158,6 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Snyk
         uses: snyk/actions/docker@master
-        id: snyk
-        if: ${{ env.SNYK_TOKEN != '' }}
-        # Snyk can be used to break the build when it detects vulnerabilities.
-        # In this case we want to upload the issues to GitHub Code Scanning.
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
           SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}
@@ -172,18 +165,15 @@ jobs:
           image: "${{ matrix.image }}"
           args: --severity-threshold=high --file=Dockerfile
 
-      - name: Replace sarif security-severity invalid values
-        if: ${{ steps.snyk.conclusion == 'success' }}
-        run: |
-          sed -i 's/"security-severity": "null"/"security-severity": "0"/g' snyk.sarif
-          sed -i 's/"security-severity": "undefined"/"security-severity": "0"/g' snyk.sarif
-
       - name: Upload result to GitHub Code Scanning
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@f443b600d91635bebf5b0d9ebc620189c0d6fba5 # v4
-        if: ${{ steps.snyk.conclusion == 'success' }}
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@192325c86100d080feab897ff886c34abd4c83a3 # v3
+        continue-on-error: true
         with:
           sarif_file: snyk.sarif
 
+  # Use the metadata generated in the `testbuild` step to find all the images
+  # that have been built. We copy them one by one to the production registry
+  # using skopeo. Then we sign the production images too.
   copytoproduction:
     name: Copy images to production
     if: |
@@ -196,15 +186,54 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       contents: read
       packages: write
+      security-events: write
       # Required by the cosign step
       id-token: write
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5
-
-      - name: Copy to production
-        uses: ./.github/actions/copy-images
+      - name: Log in to the GitHub Container registry
+        uses: docker/login-action@184bdaa0721073962dff0199f1fb9940f07167d1 # v3
         with:
-          bake_build_metadata: "${{ needs.testbuild.outputs.metadata }}"
-          registry_user: ${{ github.actor }}
-          registry_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          registry: ghcr.io
+          username: ${{ github.actor }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Copy images
+        run: |
+          images=$(echo '${{ needs.testbuild.outputs.metadata }}' |
+            jq -r '
+              .[] as $items |
+              (
+                $items."image.name" |
+                split(",")[] +
+                  "@" +
+                  $items."containerimage.digest"
+              )
+            '
+          )
+          for image in $images
+          do
+            testimageshaonly="${image%:*@*}@${image#*@}"
+            testimagenosha="${image%@*}"
+            prodimage="${testimagenosha/-testing/}"
+            echo "Copying ${testimageshaonly} to ${prodimage}"
+            docker run --quiet quay.io/skopeo/stable:v1.17.0-immutable copy -q -a \
+              --dest-creds ${{ github.actor }}:${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} \
+              docker://${testimageshaonly} docker://${prodimage}
+          done
+
+      - name: Install cosign
+        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@398d4b0eeef1380460a10c8013a76f728fb906ac # v3
+
+      - name: Sign images
+        run: |
+          images=$(echo '${{ needs.testbuild.outputs.metadata }}' |
+            jq -r '.[] |
+              (
+                ."image.name" |
+                sub(",.*";"") |
+                sub("-testing:[^@]+";"")
+              ) + "@" + ."containerimage.digest"
+            '
+          )
+          echo "Signing ${images}"
+          cosign sign -t 5m --yes ${images}

Debian/ClusterImageCatalog-bookworm.yaml

@@ -6,19 +6,17 @@ metadata:
     images.cnpg.io/family: postgresql
     images.cnpg.io/type: system
     images.cnpg.io/os: bookworm
-    images.cnpg.io/date: '20251013'
+    images.cnpg.io/date: '20250923'
     images.cnpg.io/publisher: cnpg.io
 spec:
   images:
     - major: 13
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:13.22-202510130807-system-bookworm@sha256:8960f067c4e5c633e5deff50f781957ca4579d72d275739c586befe9d05d444c
+      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:13.22-202509220807-system-bookworm@sha256:b4a1e2d577546d32e82d44168e6977b3d4b0a4765bb4a7482e353f99ec49216a
     - major: 14
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:14.19-202510130807-system-bookworm@sha256:b020285c14e795e262760e5e2c8111769788a7da45e8ee9d1af10ed7a5b66cab
+      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:14.19-202509220807-system-bookworm@sha256:fb3a27a77364017ec604a24f19def5124b945e6e45cb4613455f0aee3e15cc47
     - major: 15
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:15.14-202510130807-system-bookworm@sha256:06096a05e7216ada6eafe2e72e7cae1a9d2e57561541caecfcdfcecb4bd03df3
+      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:15.14-202509220807-system-bookworm@sha256:fbdf4141d38d6c70e6ab10a2d6ab6b7a5853b62fa1bba78b4353032e0b345740
     - major: 16
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:16.10-202510130807-system-bookworm@sha256:830b0a2d5b616b06cbb4f594453dc20bafadeb3f1c48441668e9c7e088b0c7d1
+      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:16.10-202509220807-system-bookworm@sha256:41561360238d5fb7a85e2b1d75f1e5d626be37b94a01306432ad7f94cf542dc4
     - major: 17
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:17.6-202510130807-system-bookworm@sha256:71f14116070ce91762198fac8504daee954e75d5d0685363f7844309555130e6
-    - major: 18
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:18.0-202510130807-system-bookworm@sha256:12707396990ac3ad9767404180f36ea4998761483365938db1f3a8050b50effb
+      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:17.6-202509220807-system-bookworm@sha256:b931f2c7d6e259c1448a88486912da2a3e4039e13c9099e3c09a54cbb25a36cf

Debian/ClusterImageCatalog-bullseye.yaml

@@ -6,19 +6,17 @@ metadata:
     images.cnpg.io/family: postgresql
     images.cnpg.io/type: system
     images.cnpg.io/os: bullseye
-    images.cnpg.io/date: '20251013'
+    images.cnpg.io/date: '20250923'
     images.cnpg.io/publisher: cnpg.io
 spec:
   images:
     - major: 13
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:13.22-202510130807-system-bullseye@sha256:da485ff71aaa4ff044071af2eb91b18eff65a3befacb988af73b8096ffdc5837
+      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:13.22-202509220807-system-bullseye@sha256:16323ff5e13f568c943720756ebc59d162adff4a4f9349038ae1796f757448c8
     - major: 14
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:14.19-202510130807-system-bullseye@sha256:bdc36b98eb96d0f613fb4570460c57ee27114d2bbfe126d9f29b51766b9ca37e
+      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:14.19-202509220807-system-bullseye@sha256:f74e898ab8ef56d2b9cd259871eef9415b8b3dbdc5c916315073cd2144e89d28
     - major: 15
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:15.14-202510130807-system-bullseye@sha256:15661a17359d2ff46961e03a2a6593d58c779624ba5e684780111c09291b49c8
+      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:15.14-202509220807-system-bullseye@sha256:041340459b4d3ebdaffd55fd2296ca01992fb467301b505bb19b8689434b42a8
     - major: 16
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:16.10-202510130807-system-bullseye@sha256:697e6d8e15ace744fe3b0035d4ea633d3a2b2e59138e8a0481014e924dd1b4d4
+      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:16.10-202509220807-system-bullseye@sha256:9746b62a5f1981533dd475ebc1bd8c7740b8dc8c60fa06db0407c6c6c1254fed
     - major: 17
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:17.6-202510130807-system-bullseye@sha256:b7f2855c5a419249e30d64616da38cbb7ed3397a21cb115a581a02da8cb21ee0
-    - major: 18
-      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:18.0-202510130807-system-bullseye@sha256:5f67a8c8ae429c8af5692024ad58408a3f70223bf5d1cb9f9dbc36dcead88919
+      image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:17.6-202509220807-system-bullseye@sha256:b9763f1137de625622dab2a4b94a456c5a6587d0444885b282d9c222370b3955

README.md

@@ -18,13 +18,14 @@ This repository provides maintenance scripts for generating
 
 | Version | Release Date | EOL        |
 |:-------:|:------------:|:----------:|
-|    18   | 2025-09-25   | 2030-11-14 |
 |    17   | 2024-09-26   | 2029-11-08 |
 |    16   | 2023-09-14   | 2028-11-09 |
 |    15   | 2022-10-13   | 2027-11-11 |
 |    14   | 2021-09-30   | 2026-11-12 |
 |    13   | 2020-09-24   | 2025-11-13 |
 
+In addition, PostgreSQL 18 RC1 is provided for testing purposes only.
+
 These images are designed to serve as operands of the
 [CloudNativePG (CNPG) operator](https://cloudnative-pg.io) in Kubernetes
 environments, and are not intended for standalone use.
@@ -191,7 +192,9 @@ and [`ClusterImageCatalog-bookworm.yaml`](Debian/ClusterImageCatalog-bookworm.ya
 manifests, please migrate to the new catalogs as soon as possible. These legacy
 manifests are deprecated and will be removed along with the `system` image.
 
-## Build Attestations
+## Security
+
+### Build Attestations
 
 CNPG PostgreSQL Container Images are built with the following attestations to
 ensure transparency and traceability:
@@ -215,7 +218,7 @@ docker buildx imagetools inspect <IMAGE> --format "{{ json .SBOM.SPDX }}"
 This command outputs the SBOM in JSON format, providing a detailed view of the
 software components and build dependencies.
 
-## Image Signatures
+### Image Signatures
 
 The [`minimal`](#minimal-images) and [`standard`](#standard-images) CloudNativePG container images are securely signed using
 [cosign](https://github.com/sigstore/cosign), a tool within the
@@ -238,6 +241,18 @@ cosign verify IMAGE \
   --certificate-oidc-issuer="https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com"
 ```
 
+## Image Scanning in CI/CD
+
+To further strengthen the security of our container images, we perform
+automated image scanning as part of our CI/CD workflows. These scans help
+ensure that our images adhere to best practices and remain free of known
+vulnerabilities before they are published or deployed:
+
+- **Dockle**: Verifies configuration best practices for container images. Runs
+  during the build stage; critical failures can block the build.
+- **Snyk**: Detects vulnerabilities in OS packages, libraries, and dependencies
+  within the container. Runs after image build.
+
 ## Building Images
 
 For detailed instructions on building PostgreSQL container images, refer to the

docker-bake.hcl

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ postgreSQLVersions = [
 // Preview versions are automatically filtered out if present in the stable list
 // MANUALLY EDIT THE CONTENT - AND UPDATE THE README.md FILE TOO
 postgreSQLPreviewVersions = [
+  "18~rc1",
 ]
 
 // Barman version to build
@@ -58,11 +59,11 @@ target "default" {
     pgVersion = getPgVersions(postgreSQLVersions, postgreSQLPreviewVersions)
     base = [
       // renovate: datasource=docker versioning=loose
-      "debian:trixie-slim@sha256:1caf1c703c8f7e15dcf2e7769b35000c764e6f50e4d7401c355fb0248f3ddfdb",
+      "debian:trixie-slim@sha256:c2880112cc5c61e1200c26f106e4123627b49726375eb5846313da9cca117337",
       // renovate: datasource=docker versioning=loose
-      "debian:bookworm-slim@sha256:7e490910eea2861b9664577a96b54ce68ea3e02ce7f51d89cb0103a6f9c386e0",
+      "debian:bookworm-slim@sha256:df52e55e3361a81ac1bead266f3373ee55d29aa50cf0975d440c2be3483d8ed3",
       // renovate: datasource=docker versioning=loose
-      "debian:bullseye-slim@sha256:f807f4b16002c623115b0247dca6a55711c6b1ae821dc64fb8a2339e4ce2115d"
+      "debian:bullseye-slim@sha256:6d3c63184632046054ae709964befc943ecffa140adc697ca955a10002a79c08"
     ]
   }
   platforms = [

renovate.json

@@ -19,15 +19,6 @@
         "\\/\\/\\s*renovate:\\s*datasource=(?<datasource>.*?)\\s+(versioning=(?<versioning>.*?))?\\s+depName=(?<depName>.*?)\\s*\\n\\s*[A-Za-z0-9_-]+\\s*=\\s*\"(?<currentValue>[^\"]+)\""
       ],
       "versioningTemplate": "{{#if versioning}}{{{versioning}}}{{else}}semver{{/if}}"
-    },
-    {
-      "customType": "regex",
-      "managerFilePatterns": [
-        "/\\.ya?ml$/"
-      ],
-      "matchStrings": [
-        "# renovate: datasource=(?<datasource>[a-z-.]+?) depName=(?<depName>[^\\s]+?)(?: (?:lookupName|packageName)=(?<packageName>[^\\s]+?))?(?: versioning=(?<versioning>[^\\s]+?))?(?: extractVersion=(?<extractVersion>[^\\s]+?))?\\s+[A-Za-z0-9_]+?_VERSION\\s*:\\s*[\"']?(?<currentValue>.+?)[\"']?\\s"
-      ]
     }
   ],
   "packageRules": [