Merge branch 'master' into python-http

kubernetes/rbac/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+# Introduction to Kubernetes: RBAC
+
+## Create Kubernetes cluster
+
+
+```
+kind create cluster --name rbac --image kindest/node:v1.20.2
+```
+
+## Kubernetes CA Certificate
+
+Kubernetes does not have a concept of users, instead it relies on certificates and would only 
+trust certificates signed by its own CA. </br>
+
+To get the CA certificates for our cluster, easiest way is to access the master node. </br>
+Because we run on `kind`, our master node is a docker container. </br>
+The CA certificates exists in the `/etc/kubernetes/pki` folder by default. </br>
+If you are using `minikube` you may find it under `~/.minikube/.`
+
+Access the master node:
+
+```
+docker exec -it rbac-control-plane bash
+
+ls -l /etc/kubernetes/pki
+total 60
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1135 Sep 10 01:38 apiserver-etcd-client.crt
+-rw------- 1 root root 1675 Sep 10 01:38 apiserver-etcd-client.key
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1143 Sep 10 01:38 apiserver-kubelet-client.crt
+-rw------- 1 root root 1679 Sep 10 01:38 apiserver-kubelet-client.key
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1306 Sep 10 01:38 apiserver.crt
+-rw------- 1 root root 1675 Sep 10 01:38 apiserver.key
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1066 Sep 10 01:38 ca.crt
+-rw------- 1 root root 1675 Sep 10 01:38 ca.key
+drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Sep 10 01:38 etcd
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1078 Sep 10 01:38 front-proxy-ca.crt
+-rw------- 1 root root 1679 Sep 10 01:38 front-proxy-ca.key
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1103 Sep 10 01:38 front-proxy-client.crt
+-rw------- 1 root root 1675 Sep 10 01:38 front-proxy-client.key
+-rw------- 1 root root 1679 Sep 10 01:38 sa.key
+-rw------- 1 root root  451 Sep 10 01:38 sa.pub
+
+exit the container
+```
+
+Copy the certs out of our master node:
+
+```
+cd kubernetes/rbac
+docker cp rbac-control-plane:/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt ca.crt
+docker cp rbac-control-plane:/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.key ca.key
+```
+
+# Kubernetes Users
+
+As mentioned before, Kubernetes has no concept of users, it trusts certificates that is signed by its CA. <br/>
+This allows a lot of flexibility as Kubernetes lets you bring your own auth mechanisms, such as [OpenID Connect](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#openid-connect-tokens) or OAuth. </br>
+
+ <p> This allows managed Kubernetes offerings to use their cloud logins to authenticate. </p>
+
+ So on Azure, I can use my Microsoft account, GKE my Google account and AWS EKS my Amazon account. </br>
+
+ You will need to consult your cloud provider to setup authentication. </br>
+ Example [Azure AKS](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/azure-ad-integration-cli)
+
+## User Certificates
+
+First thing we need to do is create a certificate signed by our Kubernetes CA. </br>
+We have the CA, let's make a certificate. </br>
+
+Easy way to create a cert is use `openssl` and the easiest way to get `openssl` is to simply run a container:
+
+```
+docker run -it -v ${PWD}:/work -w /work -v ${HOME}:/root/ --net host alpine sh
+
+apk add openssl
+```
+
+Let's create a certificate for Bob Smith:
+
+
+```
+#start with a private key
+openssl genrsa -out bob.key 2048
+
+```
+
+Now we have a key, we need a certificate signing request (CSR). </br>
+We also need to specify the groups that Bob belongs to. </br>
+Let's pretend Bob is part of the `Shopping` team and will be developing 
+applications for the `Shopping` 
+
+```
+openssl req -new -key bob.key -out bob.csr -subj "/CN=Bob Smith/O=Shopping"
+```
+
+Use the CA to generate our certificate by signing our CSR. </br>
+We may set an expiry on our certificate as well
+
+```
+openssl x509 -req -in bob.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -out bob.crt -days 1
+```
+
+## Building a kube config
+
+Let's install `kubectl` in our container to make things easier:
+
+```
+apk add curl nano
+curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/`curl -s https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/stable.txt`/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl
+chmod +x ./kubectl
+mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl
+```
+
+We'll be trying to avoid messing with our current kubernetes config. </br>
+So lets tell `kubectl` to look at a new config that does not yet exists 
+
+```
+export KUBECONFIG=~/.kube/new-config
+```
+
+Create a cluster entry which points to the cluster and contains the details of the CA certificate:
+
+```
+kubectl config set-cluster dev-cluster --server=https://127.0.0.1:52807 \
+--certificate-authority=ca.crt \
+--embed-certs=true
+
+#see changes 
+nano ~/.kube/new-config
+```
+
+
+kubectl config set-credentials bob --client-certificate=bob.crt  --client-key=bob.key --embed-certs=true
+
+kubectl config set-context dev --cluster=dev-cluster --namespace=shopping --user=bob 
+
+kubectl config use-context dev
+
+kubectl get pods
+Error from server (Forbidden): pods is forbidden: User "Bob Smith" cannot list resource "pods" in API group "" in the namespace "shopping"
+
+
+## Give Bob Smith Access
+
+```
+cd kubernetes/rbac
+kubectl create ns shopping
+
+kubectl -n shopping apply -f .\role.yaml
+kubectl -n shopping apply -f .\rolebinding.yaml
+```
+
+## Test Access as Bob
+
+kubectl get pods
+No resources found in shopping namespace.
+
+# Kubernetes Service Accounts
+
+So we've covered users, but what about applications or services running in our cluster ? </br>
+Most business apps will not need to connect to the kubernetes API unless you are building something that integrates with your cluster, like a CI/CD tool, an autoscaler or a custom webhook. </br>
+
+Generally applications will use a service account to connect. </br>
+You can read more about [Kubernetes Service Accounts](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/).
+
+Let's deploy a service account 
+
+```
+kubectl -n shopping apply -f serviceaccount.yaml
+
+```
+Now we can deploy a pod that uses the service account 
+```
+kubectl -n shopping apply -f pod.yaml
+```
+Now we can test the access from within that pod by trying to list pods:
+
+```
+kubectl -n shopping exec -it shopping-api -- bash
+
+# Point to the internal API server hostname
+APISERVER=https://kubernetes.default.svc
+
+# Path to ServiceAccount token
+SERVICEACCOUNT=/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
+
+# Read this Pod's namespace
+NAMESPACE=$(cat ${SERVICEACCOUNT}/namespace)
+
+# Read the ServiceAccount bearer token
+TOKEN=$(cat ${SERVICEACCOUNT}/token)
+
+# Reference the internal certificate authority (CA)
+CACERT=${SERVICEACCOUNT}/ca.crt
+
+# List pods through the API
+curl --cacert ${CACERT} --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" -s ${APISERVER}/api/v1/namespaces/shopping/pods/ 
+
+# we should see an error not having access
+```
+
+Now we can allow this pod to list pods in the shopping namespace
+```
+kubectl -n shopping apply -f serviceaccount-role.yaml
+kubectl -n shopping apply -f serviceaccount-rolebinding.yaml
+```
+
+If we try run `curl` command again we can see now we are able to get a json 
+response with pod information

kubernetes/rbac/pod.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Pod
+metadata:
+  name: shopping-api
+spec:
+  containers:
+  - image: nginx
+    name: shopping-api
+  serviceAccountName: shopping-api

kubernetes/rbac/role.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: Role
+metadata:
+  namespace: shopping
+  name: manage-pods
+rules:
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["pods", "pods/exec"]
+  verbs: ["get", "watch", "list", "create", "delete"]
+- apiGroups: ["apps"]
+  resources: ["deployments"]
+  verbs: ["get", "watch", "list", "delete", "create"]

kubernetes/rbac/rolebinding.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: RoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: manage-pods
+  namespace: shopping
+subjects:
+- kind: User
+  name: "Bob Smith"
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+roleRef:
+  kind: Role
+  name: manage-pods
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io

kubernetes/rbac/serviceaccount-role.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: Role
+metadata:
+  namespace: shopping
+  name: shopping-api
+rules:
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["pods"]
+  verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"]

kubernetes/rbac/serviceaccount-rolebinding.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: RoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: shopping-api
+  namespace: shopping
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: shopping-api
+roleRef:
+  kind: Role
+  name: shopping-api
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io

kubernetes/rbac/serviceaccount.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: shopping-api

python/introduction/part-3.json/src/app.py

@@ -51,3 +51,4 @@ customers = getCustomers()
 customers["i"] = Customer("i", "Bob", "Smith").__dict__
 
 updateCustomers(customers)
+print(customers)