postgres replication

storage/databases/postgres/3-replication/README.md

@@ -7,13 +7,9 @@ In this chapter we will setup a second PostgreSQL instance. </br>
 Then we will learn how to configure our first PostgreSQL instance to replicate its data to the new second instance. </br>
 This will essentially give us a primary and a secondary server for better availability in case we lose our primary server. </br>
 
-
-* Documentation on HA \ replication \ failover modes
-
-
 ## Get our Primary PostgreSQL up and running
 
-Let's start by running our PostgreSQL in docker </br>
+Let's start by running our primary PostgreSQL in docker </br>
 
 Few things to note here: </br>
 * We start our instance with a different name to identify it as the first instance with the `--name postgres-1` flag and `2` for the second instance
@@ -40,11 +36,77 @@ docker run -it --rm --name postgres-1 `
 -e PGDATA="/data" `
 -v ${PWD}/postgres-1/pgdata:/data `
 -v ${PWD}/postgres-1/config:/config `
+-v ${PWD}/postgres-1/archive:/mnt/server/archive `
 -p 5000:5432 `
 postgres:15.0 -c 'config_file=/config/postgresql.conf'
 ```
 
-Start instance 2:
+## Create Replication User
+
+In order to take a backup we will use a new PostgreSQL user account which has the permissions to do replication. </br>
+
+Let's create this user account by logging into `postgres-1`:
+
+```
+docker exec -it postgres-1 bash
+
+# create a new user
+createuser -U postgresadmin -P -c 5 --replication replicationUser
+
+exit
+```
+
+# Enable Write-Ahead Log and Replication
+
+There is quite a lot to read about PostgreSQL when it comes to high availability. </br>
+
+The first thing we want to take a look at is [WAL](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/wal-intro.html) </br>
+Basically PostgreSQL has a mechanism of writing transaction logs to file and does not accept the transaction until its been written to the transaction log and flushed to disk. </br>
+
+This ensures that if there is a crash in the system, that the database can be recovered from the transaction log. </br>
+Hence it is "writing ahead". </br>
+
+More documentation for configuration [wal_level](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html) and [max_wal_senders](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html)
+```
+wal_level = hot_standby
+max_wal_senders = 3
+```
+
+# Enable Archive
+
+More documentation for configuration [archive_mode](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-ARCHIVE-MODE)
+
+```
+archive_mode = on
+archive_command = 'test ! -f /mnt/server/archive/%f && cp %p /mnt/server/archive/%f'
+
+```
+
+## Take a base backup
+
+To take a database backup, we'll be using the [pg_basebackup](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgbasebackup.html) utility. </br>
+
+The utility is in the PostgreSQL docker image, so let's run it without running a database as all we need is the `pg_basebackup` utility. <br/>
+Note that we also mount our blank data directory as we will make a new backup in there: 
+
+```
+cd storage/databases/postgres/3-replication
+
+docker run -it --rm `
+--net postgres `
+-v ${PWD}/postgres-2/pgdata:/data `
+--entrypoint /bin/bash postgres:15.0
+```
+
+Take the backup by logging into `postgres-1` with our `replicationUser` and writing the backup to `/data`.
+
+```
+pg_basebackup -h postgres-1 -p 5432 -U replicationUser -D /data/ -Fp -Xs -R
+```
+
+Now we should see PostgreSQL data ready for our second instance in `${PWD}/postgres-2/pgdata`
+
+## Start standby instance
 
 ```
 cd storage/databases/postgres/3-replication
@@ -57,6 +119,68 @@ docker run -it --rm --name postgres-2 `
 -e PGDATA="/data" `
 -v ${PWD}/postgres-2/pgdata:/data `
 -v ${PWD}/postgres-2/config:/config `
--p 5000:5432 `
+-v ${PWD}/postgres-2/archive:/mnt/server/archive `
+-p 5001:5432 `
 postgres:15.0 -c 'config_file=/config/postgresql.conf'
-```
+```
+
+## Test the replication
+
+Let's test our replication by creating a new table in `postgres-1` </br>
+On our primary instance, lets do that:
+
+```
+# login to postgres
+psql --username=postgresadmin postgresdb
+
+#create a table
+CREATE TABLE customers (firstname text, customer_id serial, date_created timestamp);
+
+#show the table
+\dt
+```
+
+Now lets log into our `postgres-2` instance and view the table:
+
+```
+docker exec -it postgres-2 bash
+
+# login to postgres
+psql --username=postgresadmin postgresdb
+
+#show the tables
+\dt
+```
+
+## Failover 
+
+Now lets say `postgres-1` fails. </br>
+PostgreSQL does not have built-in automated failver and recovery and requires tooling to perform this. </br>
+
+When `postgres-1` fails, we would use a utility called [pg_ctl](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pg-ctl.html) to promote our stand-by server to a new primary server. </br>
+
+Then we have to build a new stand-by server just like we did in this guide. </br>
+We would also need to configure replication on the new primary, the same way we did in this guide. </br>
+
+Let's stop the primary server to simulate failure:
+
+```
+docker rm -f postgres-1
+```
+
+Then log into `postgres-2` and promote it to primary:
+```
+docker exec -it postgres-2 bash
+
+# confirm we cannot create a table as its a stand-by server
+CREATE TABLE customers (firstname text, customer_id serial, date_created timestamp);
+
+# run pg_ctl as postgres user (cannot be run as root!)
+runuser -u postgres -- pg_ctl promote
+
+# confirm we can create a table as its a primary server
+CREATE TABLE customers (firstname text, customer_id serial, date_created timestamp);
+```
+
+That's it for chapter three! </br>
+Now we understand how to [run PostgreSQL](../1-introduction/README.md), how to [configure PostgreSQL](../2-configuration/README.md) and how to setup replication for better availability.